Attention: Here be dragons (unstable version)

This is the latest (unstable) version of this documentation, which may document features not available in or compatible with released stable versions of Redot.

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Redot notifications

Every Object in Redot implements a _notification method. Its purpose is to allow the Object to respond to a variety of engine-level callbacks that may relate to it. For example, if the engine tells a CanvasItem to "draw", it will call _notification(NOTIFICATION_DRAW).

Some of these notifications, like draw, are useful to override in scripts. So much so that Redot exposes many of them with dedicated functions:

_ready(): NOTIFICATION_READY
_enter_tree(): NOTIFICATION_ENTER_TREE
_exit_tree(): NOTIFICATION_EXIT_TREE
_process(delta): NOTIFICATION_PROCESS
_physics_process(delta): NOTIFICATION_PHYSICS_PROCESS
_draw(): NOTIFICATION_DRAW

What users might not realize is that notifications exist for types other than Node alone, for example:

Object::NOTIFICATION_POSTINITIALIZE: a callback that triggers during object initialization. Not accessible to scripts.
Object::NOTIFICATION_PREDELETE: a callback that triggers before the engine deletes an Object, i.e. a "destructor".

And many of the callbacks that do exist in Nodes don't have any dedicated methods, but are still quite useful.

Node::NOTIFICATION_PARENTED: a callback that triggers anytime one adds a child node to another node.
Node::NOTIFICATION_UNPARENTED: a callback that triggers anytime one removes a child node from another node.

One can access all these custom notifications from the universal _notification() method.

Note

Methods in the documentation labeled as "virtual" are also intended to be overridden by scripts.

A classic example is the _init method in Object. While it has no NOTIFICATION_* equivalent, the engine still calls the method. Most languages (except C#) rely on it as a constructor.

So, in which situation should one use each of these notifications or virtual functions?

_process vs. _physics_process vs. *_input

Use _process() when one needs a framerate-dependent delta time between frames. If code that updates object data needs to update as often as possible, this is the right place. Recurring logic checks and data caching often execute here, but it comes down to the frequency at which one needs the evaluations to update. If they don't need to execute every frame, then implementing a Timer-timeout loop is another option.

# Allows for recurring operations that don't trigger script logic
# every frame (or even every fixed frame).
func _ready():
    var timer = Timer.new()
    timer.autostart = true
    timer.wait_time = 0.5
    add_child(timer)
    timer.timeout.connect(func():
        print("This block runs every 0.5 seconds")
    )

using Redot;

public partial class MyNode : Node
{
    // Allows for recurring operations that don't trigger script logic
    // every frame (or even every fixed frame).
    public override void _Ready()
    {
        var timer = new Timer();
        timer.Autostart = true;
        timer.WaitTime = 0.5;
        AddChild(timer);
        timer.Timeout += () => GD.Print("This block runs every 0.5 seconds");
    }
}

using namespace godot;

class MyNode : public Node {
    GDCLASS(MyNode, Node)

public:
    // Allows for recurring operations that don't trigger script logic
    // every frame (or even every fixed frame).
    virtual void _ready() override {
        Timer *timer = memnew(Timer);
        timer->set_autostart(true);
        timer->set_wait_time(0.5);
        add_child(timer);
        timer->connect("timeout", callable_mp(this, &MyNode::run));
    }

    void run() {
        UtilityFunctions::print("This block runs every 0.5 seconds.");
    }
};

Use _physics_process() when one needs a framerate-independent delta time between frames. If code needs consistent updates over time, regardless of how fast or slow time advances, this is the right place. Recurring kinematic and object transform operations should execute here.

While it is possible, to achieve the best performance, one should avoid making input checks during these callbacks. _process() and _physics_process() will trigger at every opportunity (they do not "rest" by default). In contrast, *_input() callbacks will trigger only on frames in which the engine has actually detected the input.

One can check for input actions within the input callbacks just the same. If one wants to use delta time, one can fetch it from the related delta time methods as needed.

# Called every frame, even when the engine detects no input.
func _process(delta):
    if Input.is_action_just_pressed("ui_select"):
        print(delta)

# Called during every input event.
func _unhandled_input(event):
    match event.get_class():
        "InputEventKey":
            if Input.is_action_just_pressed("ui_accept"):
                print(get_process_delta_time())

using Redot;

public partial class MyNode : Node
{

    // Called every frame, even when the engine detects no input.
    public void _Process(double delta)
    {
        if (Input.IsActionJustPressed("ui_select"))
            GD.Print(delta);
    }

    // Called during every input event. Equally true for _input().
    public void _UnhandledInput(InputEvent @event)
    {
        switch (@event)
        {
            case InputEventKey:
                if (Input.IsActionJustPressed("ui_accept"))
                    GD.Print(GetProcessDeltaTime());
                break;
        }
    }

}

using namespace godot;

class MyNode : public Node {
    GDCLASS(MyNode, Node)

public:
    // Called every frame, even when the engine detects no input.
    virtual void _process(double p_delta) override {
        if (Input::get_singleton->is_action_just_pressed("ui_select")) {
            UtilityFunctions::print(p_delta);
        }
    }

    // Called during every input event. Equally true for _input().
    virtual void _unhandled_input(const Ref<InputEvent> &p_event) override {
        Ref<InputEventKey> key_event = event;
        if (key_event.is_valid() && Input::get_singleton->is_action_just_pressed("ui_accept")) {
            UtilityFunctions::print(get_process_delta_time());
        }
    }
};

_init vs. initialization vs. export

If the script initializes its own node subtree, without a scene, that code should execute in _init(). Other property or SceneTree-independent initializations should also run here.

Note

The C# equivalent to GDScript's _init() method is the constructor.

_init() triggers before _enter_tree() or _ready(), but after a script creates and initializes its properties. When instantiating a scene, property values will set up according to the following sequence:

Initial value assignment: the property is assigned its initialization value, or its default value if one is not specified. If a setter exists, it is not used.
``_init()`` assignment: the property's value is replaced by any assignments made in _init(), triggering the setter.
Exported value assignment: an exported property's value is again replaced by any value set in the Inspector, triggering the setter.

# test is initialized to "one", without triggering the setter.
@export var test: String = "one":
    set(value):
        test = value + "!"

func _init():
    # Triggers the setter, changing test's value from "one" to "two!".
    test = "two"

# If someone sets test to "three" from the Inspector, it would trigger
# the setter, changing test's value from "two!" to "three!".

using Redot;

public partial class MyNode : Node
{
    private string _test = "one";

    [Export]
    public string Test
    {
        get { return _test; }
        set { _test = $"{value}!"; }
    }

    public MyNode()
    {
        // Triggers the setter, changing _test's value from "one" to "two!".
        Test = "two";
    }

    // If someone sets Test to "three" in the Inspector, it would trigger
    // the setter, changing _test's value from "two!" to "three!".
}

using namespace godot;

class MyNode : public Node {
    GDCLASS(MyNode, Node)

    String test = "one";

protected:
    static void _bind_methods() {
        ClassDB::bind_method(D_METHOD("get_test"), &MyNode::get_test);
        ClassDB::bind_method(D_METHOD("set_test", "test"), &MyNode::set_test);
        ADD_PROPERTY(PropertyInfo(Variant::STRING, "test"), "set_test", "get_test");
    }

public:
    String get_test() { return test; }
    void set_test(String p_test) { return test = p_test; }

    MyNode() {
        // Triggers the setter, changing _test's value from "one" to "two!".
        set_test("two");
    }

    // If someone sets test to "three" in the Inspector, it would trigger
    // the setter, changing test's value from "two!" to "three!".
};

As a result, instantiating a script versus a scene may affect both the initialization and the number of times the engine calls the setter.

_ready vs. _enter_tree vs. NOTIFICATION_PARENTED

When instantiating a scene connected to the first executed scene, Redot will instantiate nodes down the tree (making _init() calls) and build the tree going downwards from the root. This causes _enter_tree() calls to cascade down the tree. Once the tree is complete, leaf nodes call _ready. A node will call this method once all child nodes have finished calling theirs. This then causes a reverse cascade going up back to the tree's root.

When instantiating a script or a standalone scene, nodes are not added to the SceneTree upon creation, so no _enter_tree() callbacks trigger. Instead, only the _init() call occurs. When the scene is added to the SceneTree, the _enter_tree() and _ready() calls occur.

If one needs to trigger behavior that occurs as nodes parent to another, regardless of whether it occurs as part of the main/active scene or not, one can use the PARENTED notification. For example, here is a snippet that connects a node's method to a custom signal on the parent node without failing. Useful on data-centric nodes that one might create at runtime.

extends Node

var parent_cache

func connection_check():
    return parent_cache.has_user_signal("interacted_with")

func _notification(what):
    match what:
        NOTIFICATION_PARENTED:
            parent_cache = get_parent()
            if connection_check():
                parent_cache.interacted_with.connect(_on_parent_interacted_with)
        NOTIFICATION_UNPARENTED:
            if connection_check():
                parent_cache.interacted_with.disconnect(_on_parent_interacted_with)

func _on_parent_interacted_with():
    print("I'm reacting to my parent's interaction!")

using Redot;

public partial class MyNode : Node
{
    private Node _parentCache;

    public bool ConnectionCheck()
    {
        return _parentCache.HasUserSignal("InteractedWith");
    }

    public void _Notification(int what)
    {
        switch (what)
        {
            case NotificationParented:
                _parentCache = GetParent();
                if (ConnectionCheck())
                {
                    _parentCache.Connect("InteractedWith", Callable.From(OnParentInteractedWith));
                }
                break;
            case NotificationUnparented:
                if (ConnectionCheck())
                {
                    _parentCache.Disconnect("InteractedWith", Callable.From(OnParentInteractedWith));
                }
                break;
        }
    }

    private void OnParentInteractedWith()
    {
        GD.Print("I'm reacting to my parent's interaction!");
    }
}

using namespace godot;

class MyNode : public Node {
    GDCLASS(MyNode, Node)

    Node *parent_cache = nullptr;

    void on_parent_interacted_with() {
        UtilityFunctions::print("I'm reacting to my parent's interaction!");
    }

public:
    void connection_check() {
        return parent_cache->has_user_signal("interacted_with");
    }

    void _notification(int p_what) {
        switch (p_what) {
            case NOTIFICATION_PARENTED:
                parent_cache = get_parent();
                if (connection_check()) {
                    parent_cache->connect("interacted_with", callable_mp(this, &MyNode::on_parent_interacted_with));
                }
                break;
            case NOTIFICATION_UNPARENTED:
                if (connection_check()) {
                    parent_cache->disconnect("interacted_with", callable_mp(this, &MyNode::on_parent_interacted_with));
                }
                break;
        }
    }
};